I agree that human rights do not lend themselves t Essay Example For Students

I concur that human rights don't loan themselves t Essay o perfect formulae. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) targets guarding the enthusiasm of individuals dwelling in various nations. In any case, the political and social condition of a nation would shape these rights. A portion of the rights the exposition would talk about are the correspondence of the genders, right to the right to speak freely of discourse and instruction. As opposed to the West, ladies in Asia are regularly abused and denied of their privileges in numerous regions, especially in work. This wonder can be ascribed to the custom and social contrasts between the two. In spite of the impact of the west achieved by industrialization, the Asian Society is still rather moderate and especially in contact with the lessons of Confucius. Indeed, even till today, they can't totally relinquish the idea of ladies being the more fragile sex. Despite the fact that the UDHR broadcasts, Everyone, with no separation, has the privilege to rise to pay for equivalent work. (UN, 1948, Article 23 (2)), it isn't phenomenal to hear that ladies are paid lower than men are. Ladies acknowledge the reality that they are more fragile when contrasted with men as far as work in this male ruled society. They are instructed to be accommodating and view their family as the top most need in their adolescence. In addition, managers accept that ladies are home limited and commitments to t! he organization would be insignificant as they work less days, in contrast with men, because of the qualification of their maternity leaves. According to the west, this would be an infringement of human rights yet to an Asian, a social distinction. Everybody has the option to instruction. (UN, 1948, Article 26 (1)) doesn't hold in Asian setting. Each American youngster is blessing with the privilege of instruction however accepting training is a type of extravagance to the terrible Asian youngsters. Most Asian nations are agrarian based and youngsters are see as assistance in the fields. Thus, kids underneath the age of ten are regularly observed aiding in the fields. Agrarian social orders are commonly poor guardians are more worry with acquiring enough cash to take care of the family than paying for their childrens training. Despite the fact that the United Nations underscore the significance of instruction and stress that Education will be free, (UN, 1948), these nations have no methods for giving training as a free decent. Families that are in an ideal situation would send just the guys to class, as they accept that guys need to accommodate the family in future. Young ladies are believed to be a weight to the family furthermore, would in the long run offer, thus, instructing them ! would not be affordable to the family. The US can give free training as a result of its solid financial establishment following quite a while of advancement. Henceforth, it would not be reasonable for blame the east for being a violator of rights for not giving instruction as an open decent to its kin since they just can't bear the cost of it; instruction comes after turn of events. This announcement show in the accompanying concentrate, In the created nations, general essential instruction and proficiency came after the procedure of advancement as well on its way. (Kamla Bahsin, Literacy for Women, Why and How!). Numerous administrations are slanted to characterize human rights in the way generally helpful to fitting their own political advantages. (Boutros Butros Ghali, 1993). The definition to the right to speak freely of discourse is profoundly begging to be proven wrong. The distinctions in world of politics among Singapore and the US have thrown unique perspectives on this conflict. Singapore takes a firm substitute this issue and will hold the speaker answerable for what he pronounces. The administration braces down on comments that advance common agitation such as those of strict and racial issues. Numerous nations consider this to be under-mining of the UDHR however this limitation is vital for the endurance of Singapore. Without it, a multiracial society in Singapore would breakdown and the outcomes, common agitation and in the end common war. .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8 , .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8 .postImageUrl , .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8 , .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8:hover , .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8:visited , .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8:active { border:0!important; } .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8:active , .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8:hover { haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-beautification: underline; } .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u6c4fe01b5f 961aa64cb305503434c0d8 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u6c4fe01b5f961aa64cb305503434c0d8:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Martha Stewart Living : Advertisement Analysis Essay Presumably that nations are obliged to maintain the UDHR, certain assorted varieties ought to be endured as most nations are invested with old and refined societies (Alatas, 1993) which may contrast from one another. Along these lines, the global network must mull over the countrys customs, social .

Should College Athletes Be Paid free essay sample

These individuals feel that the guarantee of their instruction being paid for is sufficient for the school competitors. On the contrary side of this point, individuals contend that the school competitor produces enough salary for the colleges, and they feel that the college owes the competitors in excess of a grant. Understudy competitors ought to be given a modest quantity of pay for their administrations to the college. As indicated by the 2002-03Division I Manual, under standing rules: Article 12, Pay is the receipt of assets, grants or advantages not allowed by the administering enactment of the Association (Earle 69). This article was one of the principles that were placed into the manual to ensure the unprofessional quality. School competitors are viewed as beginner player, and the NCAA needs to shield the competitor from being impacted by cash a lot of like the expert players are. Despite the fact that school players have not arrived at the expert level, they are required to work at their games like they are experts. We will compose a custom exposition test on Should College Athletes Be Paid or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Larue, a MTSU football player says, My average timetable is school, exercise or practice, and rest. I dont have a lot of individual time or much time to contemplate (Larue). To numerous school competitors, it is a vocation, and they are eager to place in all the work important to be the best. In sports an expert is A first class proficient, or one who sets the gauges for other people, and in school level games there are numerous aces (Palmatier 1). As indicated by look into done by Andrew Zimbalist, the NCAA is ensured salary of 75 million somewhere in the range of 1997 and 2002, and they advertise and get supporting a lot of like the expert alliances (Zimbalist 4). Giving the competitors a payment of sums that change somewhere in the range of 100 and 200 dollars for every month is a little cost to pay so as to keep up he competitors. Rep. Ron Wilson of Texas has documented a bill proposing such a payment. As indicated by Wally Renfro, a NCAA representative, the payment would be an exceptional advantage, however on the off chance that it were permitted to all schools and all competitors them it would not be (Austin). This payment could assist with coveri ng costs that are not shrouded in the grant. Larue expressed, A minimal expenditure a month would go far (Larue). Numerous individuals are against paying school competitors since they feel that they don't need or as of now get remuneration for utilizing their abilities for the colleges benefit. Many state that getting a grant for their training is sufficient, and instruction is an extraordinary blessing to the understudies. For the individuals that accept that training is must significant, Rep. Wilson says, (Many) of them wont graduate and the schools know it (Austin). Actually, as per NCAA 2001 Graduation Rates Report, among school competitors with a four-class normal the graduation rate is 59%(NCAA). Understudy competitors are guaranteed an instruction to play, and many don't get the opportunity to get it. The NCAA contends, most schools dont bring in cash off games. In school athletic, the competitor is the ability, and individuals come to games to watch them. The NCAA makes manages systems like CBS to broadcast competitions, and school cause manages systems to broadcast certain games (Brawn). What's more, school sports groups don't need to make good on amusement charge, which implies that all that they make goes to the school (Brawn). The onlookers that come to games, watch on TV, and even the patrons are keen on viewing the competitors on the school level contend, which implies that the colleges are to be sure benefitting from the competitors. For what reason do school competitors need to get paid? The average Division I athletic grant gives educational cost, food and lodging and books (Austin). For some competitors that is were it closes. Well essentially, I never have any cash, states Larue, During the end of the week I dont get the opportunity to go numerous spots except if another football player is going. Numerous school competitors take grants on the grounds that, in the event that it was not for the grant, they would not have the option to get into school. Their families can't accommodate them, so they are sent to school with a grant and expected to endure. With what minimal extra time that they have, they can't go for a drive, go see a film, or even have a relationship. Truly, it resembles you are stuck nearby (Larue). With a payment or some other type of installment, the competitor could stand to get a film or go out to shop for garments. The competitor could manage the cost of the necessities in life that are not given by the grant. Without the payment, and unfit to have employments, the school competitor carries on with an actual existence that lone comprises of homework and athletic preparing, and they need to depend vigorously on colleagues for help. School competitor ought to get some type of installment for the colleges they join in or from the NCAA itself. School competitors are human simply like each other understudy. By denying them the capacity to bring in cash and not paying them, the NCAA and its individuals are anticipating that the competitors should live a sub-human presence, and putting them off guard to complete their advanced degree. Many contend that the framework is fine only the manner in which it is, however they are not completely thinking about the necessities of the school competitor. School competitors bring in enough cash for colleges that it would not damage to give some back. All in all, school sports will consistently be a major cash creator for big time colleges and universities. They should care more for their competitors by paying them for their administrations. Should College Athletes Be Paid free exposition test While different understudies may have work, competitors are not all that fortunate. Their main responsibility is to play the game they were brought to the college for. On the off chance that you exercise throughout the day, and perform arduous exercises on your body, you need fuel for your body to recuperate. Not eating impacts how they act in the homeroom, and on the field. The answer for some, players is to offer their shirts and other memorabilia to bring in cash. Sadly, that is illicit under NCAA rules. I accept if the understudy can discover a way, the person ought to have the option to support products.The best affirm competitors in the two income delivering sports, b-ball and football, create more cash than educational cost, room, board, and books. (ESP.) College should get ready for this present reality, so captivating in business enterprise isn't the most exceedingly awful movement these competitors could be engaged with. On the off chance that the NCAA is going to keep on not permit competitors to sell their own things, grants should take care of the full expense of living. We will compose a custom article test on Should College Athletes Be Paid or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Sports casters, alongside numerous other straightforward individuals, share their purposes behind being exceptionally disparaging of providing understudy competitors with more than they as of now have.In different words, educational cost, room, and board are bounty for the competitors to repay with. In the event that you paid competitors, cash would murder enlisting. Competitors would decide to play for the notoriety colleges, being as avaricious as could reasonably be expected, just to profit themselves. Additionally, a players sense of self may slaughter rivalry. The beginning quarterback can't in any way, shape or form adapt to the way that he is accepting a similar measure of cash as the kicker. A circumstance like this would make school games less energizing, and dismal to watch. Lets adopt a reasonable strategy on this disputable topic.First of all, without sports programs at the colleges, many would think that its hard to pay the teachers at the pay they do. Exclusively, the players are the motivation behind why a lot of cash is made. The fans that appear and pay to watch these occasions apparently pay the mentors and teachers compensation. Observers show up in participation to watch the competitors perform; it is as basic as that. Football and ball groups at topnotch colleges produce several million dollars alone in a solitary year. It is just appropriate for the colleges to give somewhat more than they do.Secondly, on the off chance that you contend competitors would just rush to the moneymaking schools, you sound crazy. Simply the most elite have the abilities equipped for playing at a division one college. Thousands are not all that blessed and skilled enough to prevail on a division one level. Competitors will go to a school that will give a grant for them to proceed with their fantasy. For some, sports are a long lasting energy they will never abandon. I see no issue in schools discovering competitors to go after them. The greater part of all, which numerous individuals don't comprehend, competitors are not looking for million dollar contracts.All they need are their grants to totally take care of the expense of living. On the off chance that that were the situation, you would not see competitors selling a shirt for two or three hundred dollars. As the familiar adage goes, cash simply doesn't develop on trees. Colleges could utilize reserves they get from TV agreements, and memorabilia that is secured to pay for the grants. Dont misunderstand me; competitors are extremely blessed to get free instruction. Taking a gander at it from the opposite finish of the range, just 27 percent of understudy competitors, at a division one school, will really get a degree.WAS) It is sheltered to state, most competitors are not at the colleges for the understudy some portion of the arrangement. An answer that ought to be considered is expanding understudy competitors grant by 2,000 dollars progressively a year. Generally, it will wipe out illicit selling of ones pullover and other hallowed memorabilia. This gives competitors the budgetary security of having the option to purchase food, and will take care of different expenses not gave by grants. For as much time and difficult work understudy competitors provide for the college, that is the least schools could do to give back. Should College Athletes Be Paid free paper test In the course of recent years school sports have picked up I

What One Should not Do While in Morocco

What One Should not Do While in Morocco Things to Keep in Mind: Being a Tourist in Morocco Home›Informative Posts›Things to Keep in Mind: Being a Tourist in Morocco Informative PostsWhile Morocco is definitely an awesome place to enjoy your leisure time as a tourist!There are some things, which are not to be done by tourists in this country. Let me guide you through the most essential ones!Never Show Even a Slightest Disrespectfor IslamRemember that 90% of the population in the target country recognize Islam. Moreover, it is Morocco’s state religion which requires ultimate respect and adhering to its major requirements. You are a guest here, so do not offend locals. Actually, Morocco is among the most liberal and easygoing countries in the Islamic world, but the more you are welcome here, the more respect and appropriateness of your behavior is expected. If you are curious about Islam â€" ask, but never share questionable and controversial opinions on the subject. Do not enter certain areas (there are mosques and sh rines, which are not to be entered by non-Muslims), dress reasonably modest, in accordance with local customs, and mind your opinion on Islam and its heritage in the modern world.Disrespect for the Monarchy is Also OffensiveWell, evident and rude disrespect can do even more harm than offending the locals â€" the sentence up to three years in jail may be the final outcome. Defacing anything that encompasses the king’s image is also forbidden.  Respect both Moroccan religion and laws  for a trouble-free trip.Pick the Right Hand for EatingMeals in Morocco also require following certain traditions. For instance, the prevailing majority of food should be eaten with hands. Here, you should be careful and use only your right hand for eating the food. The reason is that the left hand is positioned as unclean in Morocco, since they use it to clean with after going to the WC. Well, it is not a sin or a criminal act, but a certain unaccepted gesture.Leave Your Beachwear on the BeachThis aspe ct refers to the aforementioned respect for Islam, but cannot be emphasized strong enough: dressing rules are fairly conservative in Morocco even nowadays. Beachwear is absolutely inappropriate for a visit to Morocco regardless the hot temperatures. All your awesome bikinis and bathing suits are for the beach only, and hotels, cafes or restaurants are no exception.Well, apart from strict rules and things never to do in Morocco, there is also much fun, so make sure you:Explore more than just Marrakesh! Essaouria, Ouzoud Waterfalls, Ouarzazate, and the Ourika Valley are other hot spots in the area.Taste their famous mint tea! It is a national drink as couscous is a national dish.Try haggling in the souks, traditional markets in Morocco.Let these tips guide you in this exotic country so that you enjoy it as much as possible.

Dna Replication And The Cell Cycle - 1226 Words

Have you ever fell while riding a bicycle? Bobby was riding on his bike down a slope hill when he suddenly loses control of the bike and runs into a tree. Ow! Bobby falls down his bike and onto the ground, scraping his knee. About a week later, Bobby’s skin is pretty much healed up. How? How did Bobby’s wound heal? When you get a cut in your skin, your skin cells divide to replace the ones that died from the injury. An important part of the division of cells is DNA replication. Without DNA replication, the new cells wouldn’t have DNA. So why is DNA so important? DNA is the basic blueprint of life, and it serves to tell the cells what to do, and what proteins to code for. Let’s take a deeper look into Bobby’s cell to see what fascinating events happens during DNA replication. DNA Replication The Cell Cycle Before Bobby’s cells enter the the stage of mitosis to divide, it goes through DNA replication. This process occurs in the nucleus of the cell during the â€Å"S† phase of the interphase of the cell cycle. The process of DNA replication is important in that it is the instruction manual found in every cell that serves to regulate your body and its functions. For example, if tells your cells which proteins to code for. DNA is replicated so that it can be passed into the daughter cells at the end of mitosis. Replication Forks and Bubbles First, let’s understand where DNA replication is happening along the DNA. The whole region of unwound DNA is called theShow MoreRelatedThe Cell Cycle And Dna Replication1690 Words   |  7 Pagesprocesses, with which a cell passes this DNA sequence onto other cells, are DNA replication and mitosis. The cell cycle is inclusive of mitosis and DNA replication, the latter of which occurs in the S phase (synthesis) of the cycle. The goal of the S phase is to create two identical semi-conservative chromosomes. The enzyme helicase unwinds the parental DNA double helix strand and uses it as a template so the enzyme DNA polymerase can attach free-floating nucleotides to the separate DNA ‘daughter’ strandsRead MoreDna And Sequence Of Dna Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pages DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a self-replicating nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in cells in a double helix structure. The 2 stranded helix is composed of 4 nucleotides, Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). The base pairs only form between A and T connected by 2 Hydrogen bonds and G and C connected by 3 hydrogen bonds. Foremost DNA wrapping comes about as DNA wraps around protein called histones. These combined loops of DNA and protein are called nucleosomesRead MoreThe Phases of the Cell Cycle Essay examples569 Words   |  3 PagesThere are four stages when it comes to the stages if the cell cycle. These sections are: G1 which stands for GAP 1 taking approximately 5-6 hours , S phase for synthesis taking approximately 10-12 hours, roughly half the cell cycle time, G2 meaning GAP 2 taking approximately 4-6 hours , and M for mitosis which can take a hour or less. Mitosis is broken down even further into four more phases in itself. These phases of mitosis in order create the acronym PMAT. The four phases of mitosis are: the prophaseRead MoreBiology: Cell Division Cycle Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesbiology and in particular cell-division cycle. All organisms are constantly dividing and growing throughout their life time. The cell-division cycle in eukaryotes is a complex process that involves cyclins, cdks and multiple checkpoints that eventually lead to cell division. There are two different types of cell division which are Meiosis and Mitosis. Meiosis is the type of cell division which involves gametes or sex cells that are involved in sexual reproduction. This type cell division produces 4 differentRead More Review of Research Paper on the Interphase of Mitosis1279 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The eukaryotic cell cycle, mitosis, is a succession of events that occur for the reproduction and growth of these multi-cellular organisms. Characteristic events in mitosis can divide the cell cycle into different stages, or phases. This paper focuses on the interphase of cell cycle, which is when DNA replication occurs, and the cell is engaged in metabolic activities to prepare itself for cell division. The idea that these two processes are related arises much controversy in whatRead MoreEssay about The Question of Biology is Why?1518 Words   |  7 Pageswill be analyzing two very different processes: DNA Replication and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). It is that each of these individual processes carries much importance. DNA replication is important in the life of a cell, more so the division, because when a cell divides both of the daughter cells need identical DNA to function properly. PCR is important in that it allows amplification of DNA and isolation of DNA. PCR is als o used to analyze DNA samples (used widely in crime scene investigationRead MoreThe Molecular Carrier Of Genetic Information1213 Words   |  5 PagesMaia Regman Ms. Sherwood AP Biology 29 January 2015 Question One Because on the work of all of the scientists cited below, DNA can be identified as the molecular carrier of genetic information. By knowing DNA carries genetic information, and not proteins, by knowing DNA’s structure, and knowing DNA is the transforming principle, DNA has become the basis of genetic research and its study has advanced biological and medical science. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used experiments involving a T2 bacteriophageRead MoreDNA Complications In Biology916 Words   |  4 PagesOther proteins unwind the template DNA and stabilize single-stranded regions: Helicases unwind the two strands of parental DNA ahead of the replication fork. Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins then stabilize the unwound template DNA, keeping it in an extended single-stranded state so that it serve as templates for new DNA synthesis. Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSB) have high affinity to single-stranded (ss) DNA and participate in DNA replication, recombination, and repair as accessoryRead MoreViruses Are Parasites Using Its Host s Cells1726 Words   |  7 Pagess cells to replicate its own genome (Freeman, 2011). Viruses have either a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome that affects its specific named genome. Types of RNA viruses include positive strand, negative strand, double strand and RNA transcriptase. RNA viruses have evolved into effective pathogens that mutate at high rates. This allows them an advantage over their host to effectively evade the immune system through several mechanisms, such as mimicry, avoiding cell lysisRead MoreA Change Of A Chromosome Number1582 Words   |  7 Pagesalters chromosome number but not the DNA sequence. Between 75 and 90% of human tumors are aneuploid showing that this condition leads to cancer (Holland and Cleveland, 2009; Schvartzman et al, 2010). In humans it leads to miscarriage and congenital birth defects. A correlation has been found recently between alterations in genetic material and gene transcription. â€Å"Comprehensive whole-genome gene expression and the entire complements of proteins that’s expressed by a cell, tissue or an organism revealed

Essay on Traumatic Brain Injury - 1393 Words

Traumatic Brain Injury Your kitten is on the kitchen counter. She is about to step onto a hot stove. You have only seconds to act. Accessing the signals coming from your eyes, your brain quickly calculates when, where, and at what speed you will need to dive to intercept her. Then it orders your muscles to do so. Your timing is perfect and shes safe. No computer can come close to your brains awesome ability to download, process, and react to the flood of information coming from your eyes, ears, and other sensory organs (â€Å"Your Amazing Brain†). The human brain is the most vital organ in a human body and allows you to do everything that you do. Damaging of the brain can cause permanent effects to you including paralyzation of the human†¦show more content†¦One effective test they use is called the Glasgow Coma Scale test. During this 15 point test the doctor checks the patient’s ability to follow directions and move their eyes and body parts. This test is bas ed and scored on a numerical scale; the higher the score the patient was able to obtain because of their ability to follow the directions means the more mild their injury is. Computerized Tomography (CT) scans and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)s are also other tests used to help determine the damage done to the brain. A CT scan uses series of x-rays that will depict a detailed view of the brain easily showing any fractures, hemorrhage, contusions and any brain swelling. A MRI scan sends magnetic radio waves throughout your body to give doctors a look at the organs inside. The doctors of Medline Plus describe how MRI’s work stating that, â€Å"Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a large magnet and radio waves to look at organs and structures inside your body. Health care professionals use MRI scans to diagnose a variety of conditions, from torn ligaments to tumors. MRIs are very useful for examining the brain and spinal cord. During the scan, you lie on a table that slide s inside a tunnel-shaped machine. Doing the scan can take a long time, and you must stay still. The scan is painless.† (â€Å"MRI Scans†). A variety of different treatments can be used on the brain merely dependent on how mild or severe the injuryShow MoreRelatedA Traumatic Brain Injury 1708 Words   |  7 PagesA traumatic brain injury (â€Å"TBI†) occurs when the brain is somehow injured, rattled, or wounded from an external source of force. The means of acquisition and the severity of TBIs are unique to each patient; therefore, symptoms and rehabilitation can vary greatly depending on the patient’s condition following the incident and how they sustained the injury. The severity of a TBI is generally classified into one of three categories: mild, moderate, or severe, and this type of diagnostic criteria influencesRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injuries772 Words   |  4 PagesEffects may be long term or short term, depending on the gravity of the incident. T raumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem in the United States. Based on recent studies, on average, 1.7 million people endure a traumatic brain injury each year. The leading causes of Traumatic Brain Injuries are falls, motor vehicle accidents, struck by or against objects, and assaults. The initial blow causes the brain to bounce around and twist hitting the bony interior wall of the skull or anRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury1030 Words   |  5 Pagesto provide therapeutic and counseling services that assist persons suffering with traumatic brain injury (TBI) or acquired brain injury (ABI) in coping and recovering from the mental illnesses that often accompany such tragedies. TBI/ABI has shown a proven link with â€Å"anxiety, depression, personality changes, aggression (National Alliance on Mental Illness Veterans Resource Center May 8, 2009 Traumatic Brain Injury)†, as well as many other issues. As the caregiver for a survivor of a rare and deadlyRead MoreSymptoms And Injuries Of A Traumatic Brain Injury841 Words   |  4 Pages Nearly two million people experience a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year. The degree of severit y from the incident may range from no underlying brain injury to severe compression of brain tissue. Irregular interior surface of skull can damage fragile tissues of brain during acceleration, deceleration, or shearing forces. Direct mechanical trauma can injure cortical tissue. Traumatic hematomas can damage subcortical structures and lead to vasospasm and ischemia. Sudden movement of skull onRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesTraumatic Brain Injury Traumatic brain injury, also called acquired brain injury or simply head injury, is a result of a sudden blow to the head when an external force is applied causing a disruption of the physiological stability of the brain locally. It can also occur when an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue and when elevation in the intracranial pressure occurs and potentially dramatic changes in the blood flow within and to the brain. These changes may produce a diminishedRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesInjury Stats Roughly 1.4 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury every year in the United States.1 Of these 1.4 million, 235,000 injuries are severe enough to require hospitalization—and 50,000 result in death. More than half (over 700,000) of all of these yearly brain injuries are from sports-related activities, falls, and physical assaults. In the year 2000, traumatic brain injury cost an estimated $60 billion in the United States, totaled in both direct medical fees and indirect costsRead MoreIntroduction Of Traumatic Brain Injury897 Words   |  4 PagesOutline I. The Brain II. Introduction of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) a. TBI sustained in combat zones i. Degrees of TBI ii. Causes of TBI while deployed 1. Concussion management iii. Why it is a problem III. Who Should Be Screened And How a. Suspected patients b. Methods of screening i. Rapid field screening ii. Further evaluation IV. Interventions and Treatment a. Deployed interventions i. Medications b. Nursing Interventions i. Manage symptoms ii. Family education. The human brain is a scientificRead MoreBrain Studies on Traumatic Brain Injuries1953 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom a traumatic brain injury. While working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. Once a nice, caring person, Phineas turned into an aggressive man who could not even keep a job. Just like Phineas Gage, a TBI can potentially change everything. Brain studies on traumatic brain injuriesRead MoreTraumatic Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injury1278 Words   |  6 PagesTraumatic Brain Injury Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of death and long-term disability in children (Kraus, 1995). It is an acquired brain injury that occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain (NIH,2016). The symptoms for Traumatic Brain Injury include frequent headaches, lightheadedness and dizziness. An individual may experience having blurred vision tired eyes, and fatigue. Even stressors prior to having an injury can contribute to the result of postRead MoreImaging Of Traumatic Brain Injuries Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesImaging of Traumatic Brain Injuries: An Investigative Report INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) consist of pathological intracranial characteristics of altered brain function cause by an outside force. TBI’s have plagued emergency rooms in recent years. TBI’s are the number one cause for death and disability in American youth and young adults. The drastic increase in TBI prognosis has been credited for reasons such as; increased competitiveness in sports, increased speeds of automobiles

Labor movement Free Essays

Labor movements is a term that refers to a group of working people who have come together so as to fight for better working terms from their employers. Labor movements started as early as the 18th century and they were faced with a lot of resistance from both the government and other institutions who were opposed to the idea. Some people share experiences and share the same interests and as a result they tend to come against other s whose interests are different from theirs. We will write a custom essay sample on Labor movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now This leads to people with the same ideas coming and together and fighting for their own welfare hence leading to the creation of labor movements. Formation of labor movements even in the early days was faced with several challenges. The major hindrance to these movements is their lack of power to negotiate properly for the workers. Once a workers union has been formed its main duty is to negotiate for better terms for its members but this is not usually an easy task. In America, there’s a process through which a workers union can negotiate with employers for better terms and it’s known as ‘collective bargaining’. For a union to be recognized by the employer it must be an elected one or the employer may recognize it voluntarily. This act requires the employer to bargain in what is known as ‘good faith ‘and this clearly proves to be unfair and not friendly to the labor unions since the employer is not under any pressure to agree to the workers demands but the agreement reached must also be favorable to him.The terms of this process are not also friendly to workers as it provides that all workers including even those who are not members of the union must bargain through this union and at no time can the employer negotiate with individual employees. Whenever negotiations are taking place and the two parties need to come to an agreement, it’s usually a nightmare for the employees’ representatives. This is the case mostly when there needs to be a written agreement between the employees and the employers because the employers bargain without any commitment or willingness to reach an agreement . The employers engage in a hide and seek game with the labor unions .In most cases they cancel meetings with the employees unions and in some cases, they may agree to minor proposals or proposals that are of little importance to the employees while giving considerations to others that are of little importance to the union members . Another hindrance to the labor movement is the refusal by employers to offer counterproposals to the proposals of the unions and they sometimes come up with new ones just when it appears like the two parties are reaching an agreement also in some cases they take back on some agendas that had already been agreed upon. These types of delays are only intended to frustrate the efforts of the unions and eventually force them to give up on their demands. The labor laws in many countries do not provide adequate restrictions or measures to stop these actions by the employers which can be said to be unethical and in bad faith. The labor unions some times become demoralized due to pressure they get from the employees who are always looking upon it to negotiate with the employers on their behalf. A good example is a case where the union goes to court only for the ruling to take too long to pass the judgment and the employers takes advantage of this by putting the blame on the unwillingness or the lack of commitment from the union. During these delays and other hindrances to the employee’s justice, some of the union members may quit, get sick, or even die and this only serves to weaken the union. The law is mainly to blame for all the woes and problems facing workers unions in many parts of the world. This weakness can be seen in cases where the court rules in favor of the employees because the employer is not ordered top pay any monetary fines but is just to go back to the negotiating table with the employees. Mostly, majority of the cases that are forwarded by employees to the courts are ruled in favor of the employers and this discourages new members from the joining the union and all that the union gets from such cases is just recognition. The growth of labor unions during the 19th century The growth of unions during this time took a different direction from what was previously known. Before this time, only skilled laborers or workers were allowed to join unions hence locking their counterparts who were not skilled out of any workers union that could voice their grievances. Before this time too, most of the labor unions were made up specific ethnic groups and they also allowed female employees to join the union unlike in the past where females were locked out of any unions. The old tactics of applying militant like tactics so as to voice grievances were done away with and the new generation of labor unions embraced the new approach of using negotiations as a tool in fighting for their rights. This didn’t work for long since soon afterwards, there rose the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) which didn’t like the approach used previously and it advocated actions like mass actions and strikes to forward the workers grievances. This new union didn’t discriminate anyone and it was made up of workers (skilled and non skilled) and it also didn’t discriminate members on either race or gender. This new union fought for the freedom of speech for workers which were not allowed there before. Later afterwards, there rose NLRA which came into an agreement with the government. The agreement saw both parties agree that, employees were to forward their complains through unions instead of taking direct actions. In 1950s labor unions became more powerful and were able to negotiate with large companies through a small number of union officials and the members were notified later after the final details of the agreement had been reached. The workers desisted from mass actions and embraced this new idea. Anyway, the union could call strikes anytime the employers showed unwillingness to listen to them. Since this union brought together almost all workers, the employers had little or no workers to replace those who were on strike and so they couldn’t break it. Currently, things have changed in favor of the employers. This change can be attributed to slack labor markets and unfair legal setups. Many modern companies do not encourage labor unions and do not fear actions like strikes since they see them as opportunities to hire replacements. The advancement in technology has also played a role in collapsing of labor unions since machines have taken jobs that were previously done by people. The most effective tool that the labor unions have been left with is negotiations. For good results to be realized, the union needs to establish unity among its members and prepare a document that outlines its goals, and a timetable for the actions it plans to take. These are essential incase the union is engaged by a potential employer over an employment contract. Modern labor laws, unlike the ancient ones, differentiate between mandatory and permissive subjects of bargaining. Lastly, when the terms of the contract between the labor union and the employer have been   Ã‚  finalized, the two parties signs a collective bargaining agreement which serves as the law throughout the duration of the contract. References 1. David Green Lawrence Cromwell (1984) Mutual Aid or Welfare State. Australia’s Friendly Societies. 2. Beverly Silver: (2003) Forces of Labor. Worker’s Movements and Globalization since 1870, Cambridge University Press. 3. St. James Press (2003) .Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide. St. James Press 4.   Ã‚  John Hinshaw and Paul LeBlanc (2003) U.S. labor in the twentieth century: studies in Working-class struggles and insurgency. Amherst, NY Humanity Books How to cite Labor movement, Essay examples

Reward Management for Cavendish Hall Hotel - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theReward Management for Cavendish Hall Hotel. Answer: Introduction Rewards are given to the employees of any organization based upon the performances. These rewards should be aligned with the organizational goals. When an organization achieves its goal with contribution of an employee, the reward is given for achieving the goal of an organization (Shields et al., 2015). In the report a particular case study is given, in which the Cavendish Hall Hotel introduced an individual performance related pay scheme. The newly appointed personnel manager Daphne Jones will investigate and review the effectiveness of the scheme. The main purpose of the report is to evaluate critically the general understanding of the reward management principles, practices, policies and decision making in an organization in the context of the Cavendish Hall Hotel case study. The manager Daphne Jones will prepare this management report. The report will investigate on Individual Performance Related Pay (IPRP) scheme and the reason for its failure in the organization. The report will also analyze the advantages and disadvantages and the barriers of implementing the IPRP system. It will be concluded with summarizing all the relevant points. The report will recommend about an alternative forms of reward policy that can be implemented in the hotel. Performance Management System Individual Performance Related Pay (IPRP) The individual performance related pay is a standard-based system by which an employee is evaluated in an organization by his or her performance in that organization. It is related with increased payment to the employees or teams in organizations who are performed better in the organizational system. An employee is evaluated based on his work and that is applicable for setting the salaries of the employees. This is the part of reward strategic system management in business operation. Those employees who have helped in contributing the organizational success are considered in the individual performance related payment system. Therefore, it can be said that individual performance related pay is a process of managing and controlling the payment of an employee by relating his or her salary progression to the individual performance assessment, which are measured by pre-agreed goals or objectives of the organization (Shields et al., 2015). There are different schemes in performance related pay; however, its effectiveness in the organizational workflow remains a question. IPRP in Organizational Performance The individual performance related payment system could be helpful in improving the overall performance in an organization. As PRP is related with financial payment, it could be helpful in cultural change and workflow in the organization. It could bring changes in the work culture and encourage the individual and thus organizational performances. It was started from United Kingdom and now it is accepted by many organizations all over the globe as a part of organizational reward strategies (Gerhart and Fang, 2014). It can be applied as motivational strategies to encourage the workers in an organization. In this strategy, money is used as a potentially powerful system of incentives that would influence the effort that an employee put in the organizational workflow. It can be helpful in creating appropriate behavior as money works itself as a goal as believed by some theorists. It is valuable to the employees, which works as an external status symbol and internal recognition for them. H owever, some critics believe that the system of individual performance related pay create discrimination among employees and act as anti motivational tool as few employees are high performers in comparison to total number of employees. This system even undermines the equity in an organization. Theory and Research The theories and research works are based on the relationship between behavior and pay and the measure of satisfaction in the organization and employees. The most common theory related to individual performance related pay is Expectancy Theory. The recent literature has termed this type of framework as the Performance Management (PM), which is also discussed. Expectancy Theory Expectancy Theory is primarily explained by Vroom in 1964. The theory is based on the presumption that workers would be motivated in work when they would expect that they would achieve the organizations requirements and this effort would be rewarded in form of money or incentives (Parijat and Bagga, 2014). However, the presumption is based on hypothesis that the workers are the rational being and they know what they have to perform to achieve the rewards. In expectancy theory, the motivational force depends upon three variables, which are expectancy, which is the expectation that an employees effort would result in his or her performances, instrumentality, which based on the reward instrument in accordance with ones performance and valance, which is the perceived value to the recipient regarding the rewards. Performance Management The performance management is related to improve and promote effective of thee employees. It is collaborative and continuous process from part of the employees and managers to plan control and view an employees objectives of the work and his or her overall contribution to fulfill those objectives. However, most of the current literatures put a caution to implement IPRP system in isolation. it needs to apply with supporting infrastructure. It should be treated as an integral part of the wider management strategy that encompasses objectives of the organization and individual contribution within the workflow of the organization. As stated in recent literature, the IPRP should be considered in broader structure of Performance Management system (Buckingham and Goodall, 2015). Suitability of IPRP to Hotel Business The suitability of IPRP to hotel business would be described based on the case study. In Cavendish Hall Hotel, the IPRP system is active. It has been started three years ago. The new manager Daphne Jones reviewed opinions of the staffs. It is noticed that the staffs are happy with the reward system and 38% of the total staffs agreed with fair reward system compare to other people in similar job structure. However, the sense of personal accomplishment from the work is below 35%. It could be said from this data that the employees do not work for personal accomplishment, thus, the sense of satisfaction from the work only is less. However, as the people in the hotel are happy with the new scheme, it is suitable from their perspective, though the hotel is suffering from poor level of customer service. Thus, it could be said that the overall implementation of the IPRP scheme I not successful as it could not improve the business service of the hotel. Advantages of IPRP System The advantages of the IPRP are based on theory of motivation. It could be beneficial as it has capacity to influence the individuals performances. However, this advantages are discussed by the motivational theorists. For example, the goal-setting and expectancy theorists give importance to cognition thought procedure, which is the decision people would take based on how far they want to participate in the workforce (Lichtenberg, Lachmann and Fosshage, 2016). The goal theorists stated that the anticipated outcomes or goals could be used as influential and motivation tool. However, these theories imply that there is no need to perform a financial reward system; rather, the management needs to set a goal, which would work as motivational tool for the employees. However, the IPRP system could be helpful for implementing the individual performances in a way that some objectives should set for obtaining an increment. Money has its own power to motivate people as workers work for gaining money. Thus, in this system of monitory reward, goals need to be set (Bach, 2012). Disadvantages of IPRP System There are many disadvantages of the IPRP system within an organization. The implementation of the IPRP system itself could be a disadvantage as the process is depended on the quality of the judgment considered by the managers of the organization. It minimizes the pay equity and this could itself be posing as challenges to implement the IPRP system (Kim and Hong, 2013). It could affect the organization as the focus shifts from developmental need to the financial reward as happened in the Cavendish Hall Hotel case. The employees could be de-motivated if the goals are so hard that they cannot achieve. The company should be prepared beforehand in investing lot of money and time to implement the IPRP; otherwise, it could become a disadvantage. From employees point of view, the achievement of IPRP needs to be laborious, as it requires wider knowledge internal and external knowledge about the companys environment (Frey, Homberg and Osterloh, 2013). The other disadvantages include clear and understandable reward system for all the employees and the effective objective criteria. Barriers to the Effect of IPRP System The main barriers to the implementation of the IPRP system could be related with two main criteria. One is lack of employees support and other one is erosion of fairness and trust. Most of the employees in an organization are average or middle range performer. It could be stated that the 10% employees are top performers and 5% are the poor performers. Thus, the total 85% of the employees are the average performers (Cohen et al., 2013). For the average performer, the IPRP system has no value. Thus, they are less supportive to implement the IPRP system, as it could be disadvantages for them and could generate poor level competitiveness and de-motivation among the employees. As the IPRP system is based on the managers judgmental skills, they need to build trust and fairness in the evaluation process among the employees. Otherwise, the system itself could become a chaos within the structure of the organization and among the employees. The management of the organization should set a parameter to provide the IPRP system and it should be discussed with the employees (Cho and Lee, 2012). The parameter should be followed strictly from both the employees and managers and both of the party should have relied on the parameter. The employees should know on what basis they are getting performance related pay. Barriers to the Implementation of the IPRP System The barriers include attribution errors and lack of training to the managers. The attribution errors are part of the management system that the managers evaluate employees in comparison to other employees performances (Swift et al., 2013). However, the evaluation should base on the standards set by the organization. It diminishes the enthusiasm of the employees to perform better. The managers should be trained effectively to implement the PRP schemes with the workflow of the organization. They need to be trained on how to deal with PRP communication with successful and unsuccessful ones (De Waal, 2013). The managers should communicate the reasons for not paying the PRP. Recommendations It could be recommended that an alternative reward scheme could be employed in the hotel that would be used to complement or replace the IPRP system. The hotel management could employ career planning or succession planning and awards as an alternative reward tools other than the money. These alternative systems would minimize the risks of the monitory payment. It could be effective in a way that it replaces the PRP system with Total Reward commented by Shields et al. (2015). It encompasses everything related to employment and it takes into employees development, flexible benefits, work life balance, flexible working hours, career opportunities and recognition. In this reward strategy, an employee could flourish in well manner. However, the management and the employees should be involved in making the design of this reward strategy ensuring its success as it is the most complex process of strategy (Terera and Ngirande, 2014). Conclusion It can be concluded by stating that the evaluation on the general understanding of the reward management principles, practices, policies and decision making in an organization in the context of the Cavendish Hall Hotel case study is done properly. The challenges and barriers have been discussed also. There is alternative reward system that could be implemented within the workflow of the hotel and it is recommended to the managers to consider this reward strategy. However, if the Performance Related Pay schemes are implemented properly it has capacity to work effectively within the organization. The managers and leaders should be alert about its barriers and challenges and should remove these before implementation. References Bach, S., 2012. Performance management.Managing Human Resources: Human Resource Management in Transition, pp.219-242. Buckingham, M. and Goodall, A., 2015. Reinventing performance management.Harvard Business Review,93(4), pp.40-50. Cho, Y.J. and Lee, J.W., 2012. Performance management and trust in supervisors.Review of Public Personnel Administration,32(3), pp.236-259. Cohen, R.I., Jaffrey, F., Bruno, J. and Baumann, M.H., 2013. Quality improvement and pay for performance: barriers to and strategies for success.CHEST Journal,143(6), pp.1542-1547. De Waal, A., 2013.Strategic Performance Management: A managerial and behavioral approach. Palgrave Macmillan. Frey, B.S., Homberg, F. and Osterloh, M., 2013. Organizational control systems and pay-for-performance in the public service.Organization Studies,34(7), pp.949-972. Gerhart, B. and Fang, M., 2014. Pay for (individual) performance: Issues, claims, evidence and the role of sorting effects.Human Resource Management Review,24(1), pp.41-52. Kim, P.S. and Hong, K.P., 2013. Major constraints and possible solutions for performance management in Korea.Public Management Review,15(8), pp.1137-1153. Lichtenberg, J.D., Lachmann, F.M. and Fosshage, J.L., 2016.Self and motivational systems: Towards a theory of psychoanalytic technique(Vol. 13). Routledge. Parijat, P. and Bagga, S., 2014. Victor Vrooms expectancy theory of motivationAn evaluation.International Research Journal of Business and Management (IRJBM),7(9), pp.1-8. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., Johns, R., O'Leary, P., Robinson, J. and Plimmer, G., 2015.Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., Johns, R., O'Leary, P., Robinson, J. and Plimmer, G., 2015.Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Swift, S.A., Moore, D.A., Sharek, Z.S. and Gino, F., 2013. Inflated applicants: Attribution errors in performance evaluation by professionals.PloS one,8(7), p.e69258. Terera, S.R. and Ngirande, H., 2014. The impact of rewards on job satisfaction and employee retention.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,5(1), p.481.

Sustainable Supply Chains

Introduction to Sustainable Supply Chains A supply chain is a system in organizations, technology, information, people, resources, and activities that involves moving a product or service from the supplier to the customer.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sustainable Supply Chains specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sustainable supply chains are supply chains with the ability of helping organizations to grow, protect, and create long term social, economic and environmental value for shareholders involved in bringing products and services to the market. Supply chain sustainability is the management of social, economic, and environmental impacts and the encouragement of practices of good governance through the lifecycle of services and goods. Sustainable supply chain management is the transparent and strategic achievement and integration of economic, environmental, and social goals in an organization in a systematic c oordination of key business inter-organizational processes for improving the economic performance on individual companies in the long term (Pullman, Maloni Carter, 2009). Sustainable supply chains are important to ensure that an organization complies with laws and regulations and to support and adhere to international principles for sustainable business conduct. Organizations adopt sustainable supply chain to reduce costs of operations in order to maximize profits. The organizations acquire the potential of satisfying the interests of stakeholders and the society. Examples of successful sustainable supply chains are those that practices of collaboration. An example of collaboration is â€Å"investment in alternative modes of transportation to reduce environmental impacts and cost of deliveries†.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the modes of transportation inc lude airports, ships and canals. A successful sustainable supply chain is also in major components of management of supplier relationships. It is applied to create efficient way of cutting costs in the retail business (Krause, Vachon Klassen, 2009). For example, Wal-Mart has a Supplier Energy Efficiency Project that are aimed at emission elimination the company’s supply chain.The project’s suppliers â€Å"reduced 3300 metric tons of GHG emissions saving approximately $200,000 costs of energy in 2009†. The suppliers of Wal-Mart were requested its suppliers to show efficiency in management of environmental footprint as a measure of reducing cost and realize this benefit. This could save energy, time, and cost for the company. IBM has a sustainable supply chain in which it conducts studies annually to address the issues in its supply chain. The company prepares strategies to overcome global challenges that arise from globalization to create business value (Pagell Wu, 2009). Difference Between Traditional Supply Chains and Sustainable Supply Chains Have Created Competitive Advantage For OrganizationsAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on Sustainable Supply Chains specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When accurately designed, traditional or conventional supply chains present clientele the advantages of quality enhancement, reduced overheads, and rapid delivery. Sustainable supply chain offer reduced costs and create value in the supply chain. Supply chain managers face challenges of changes in requirements of expertise in today’s business long-term trends. Business trends in recent years involve increasing intensity of competition and demand in environmental protection, resource scarcity, and security arising from the ongoing globalization. Businesses have to adopt better business systems that have the potential of satisfying stakeholders and customers. This makes the tradi tional supply chain insufficient in the modern business world. Under the objectives of a variety performance, a new prototype of a more complicated supply chain is emerging that caters for the needs of sustainable and developing competitiveness. The main differences between the traditional and sustainable supply chain is that the traditional supply chain is a drive of prices and decouple strategically but the sustainable supply chain is a drive of value and couple strategically. This means that management and design of supply chains should deliver specific outcomes, such as security, sustainability, innovation, cost reduction, and resilience (Pagell, Wu Wasserma, 2010). Paulraj (2011) identified that sustainable supply chains create competitive advantage in businesses by managing risks, creating sustainable production, and realizing efficiencies.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Managing business risks minimizes disruptions in business from social, economic, and environmental impacts. Managing business risks also protects the brand value and reputation of the company. Companies can protect themselves from interruptions in their potential supply chains associated with labor, human rights, governmental practices, environmental practices, and suppliers’ human rights by ensuring that suppliers comply with management systems and programmes covering sustainable supply chain management principles. Managing risks ensures that a company has access to resources. A company with a sustainable supply chain has the potential of reducing future liability and additional costs. Therefore, companies with sustainable supply chains understand the different strategies to undertake to ensure productivity and efficiency. Realizing efficiencies occurs when sustainable supply chains reduce costs of energy, transportation, and material inputs. Realizing efficiencies also incr ease labor production and create efficiencies across the entire supply chain. Creating sustainable products involve meeting the requirements of business and customer partners and innovating to satisfy the changing market. A company can reduce costs of supply through creating strong health, safety, and labor practices, increasing the understanding of key processes in the supply chain, and designing systems and processes that reduce required inputs. Companies create competitive advantage through developing new products and improving existing products through collaborating with suppliers on sustainable issues that foster product innovation. Sustainable supply chain creates competitive advantage by providing understanding of the business value and incorporated ideas in the market by competitors. This is addresses as benchmarking against the competitors. Sustainable supply chain enables an understanding of customer, suppliers, and shareholder expectations creating maximum return on the i nvestments of the company. A sustainable supply chain creates a vision for the company providing direction of the company’s strategies and defining the company’s commitment to achieve competitive advantage. The company can evaluate and identify areas that need improvement to create competitive advantage (Reuter, Foerstl, Hartmann Blome, 2010). Challenges in Building Sustainable Supply Chains Supply chain managers face challenges because of the increase in the requirements of management expertise in the long-term trends of companies today. These trends include the increasing intensity of competition, ongoing globalization, environmental protection, resource scarcity, and the growing security demand in businesses. Businesses are also requiring cost efficient, flexible, and reliable business systems that have the capability of supporting customer differentiation. Modern supply chain managers have to confront complex and dynamic supply chains becoming difficult to predict developments and trends in the long term (Paulraj, 2011). Supply chain management has to come up with additional plans that extend beyond the operational scope of the current activities. Supply chain managers need to understand and identify the new sustainability issues in their businesses and company environment to respond to respond to the changes in the long term trends and to remain competitive. This challenges calls for international, global, and the fragmented supply chain to apply skills of networking and creating efficient supply chain operations that adapt to sustainable demands to create sustainable customer focused supply chains in the long term. This is because sustainable supply chains must be able to create sustainable competitive advantage (Pullman, Maloni Carter, 2009). Challenges of building sustainable supply chains can arise from the weak and non-built relationships of companies with suppliers. It becomes difficult for companies to form strong relationships with suppliers because some of the suppliers are untrustworthy in that they fail to deliver the quantity and quality paid by the company. The owners or managers have to inspect the suppliers, especially in cases in which the suppliers can corrupt the employees easily. Challenges can arise when the company has inadequate capital to pay the suppliers at the required time. The company can strain to pay the suppliers or the suppliers can reduce business relationships with the company. Challenges in building a sustainable supply chain can arise when the suppliers create inconsistencies in price and quality without providing notice to the purchasing enterprise. This means that this change would pass to the customers creating inefficiency in the supply chain (Reuter, Foerstl, Hartmann Blome, 2010). According to Pullman, Maloni and Carter (2009), challenges can arise when the suppliers have a poor record from the purchasing entity making it difficult for the purchasing enterprise to keep a tre nd of their suppliers in frequency of supply, quality of supply, and prices of supply. This makes it difficult for the purchasing enterprise to build a strong relationship with the supplier. Challenges in building sustainable supply chain can result from poor planning where the purchasing enterprise makes quick decisions on the supplier without taking time to understand the competence of the supplier. This makes it difficult for the supplier and the purchase enterprise to create good relationships when the problems in the supply chain begin to occur. Other challenges arise from unfair competition based on prices, high prices for poor quality of products, lack of customer records and statistics, and interpersonal challenges, such as religious differences, race, and social status. Cases of corruption can arise from the purchase enterprises to suppliers passing on the costs through price increments on the customers. Corruption destroys the sustainability in the supply chains. Challenge s can arise from changes in government levies and taxes. Government taxes and levies affect cost of operations to both the suppliers and the purchasing enterprises leading to additional costs that have to depict in changes in the quantity, quality, and prices of products and services in the market. These changes affect the satisfaction of the shareholders and customers forcing them to shift to competitors. The company profits and resources decrease leading to collapse of some of the supply chains (Pagell Wu, 2009). Management Implications to the Importance and Challenges in Building Sustainable Supply Chains Various enterprises strive to build positive public relations to improve image and reputation essential for attracting and maintaining potential and competent suppliers and customers. A company can improve the nature and frequency of communication to customers and suppliers to maintain or improve sustainable supply chains. Some enterprises offer promotional items and credit to customers in efforts to build strong relationships for sustainable supply chains. Business enterprises reduce prices below that of competitors and improve quality of products to attract customers. This is difficult because cost of production match prices, quantity, and quality and reducing the prices means that the quality or quantity will decline. Enterprises have difficult time managing sustainable supply chains with prices, especially when the business has obligation of satisfying the stakeholders, customers and suppliers (Paulraj, 2011). According to Reuter, Foerstl, Hartmann and Blome (2010), business enterprises provide quality and unique services to loyal customers and suppliers to attract and maintain them. This action strengthens their relationships making it easy to build a sustainable supply chain. This has been possible through creation of clubs, especially in retail shops and food points (Lamp, 2011). Enterprises result to supporting sporting events, channels, and teams to nurture prestige and good reputation of businesses. Businesses offer sponsorships and donations to the society to attract the attention and interest in the members in the supply chain. Business enterprises also offer newspapers and special seats to the members of the supply chain to ensure good relationships and image. Businesses enterprises have also put extra efforts in building sustainable supply chains by paying its suppliers promptly and involving the suppliers and customers in their business and personal functions and initiatives. For example, Unilever is multinational company that earns annual revenue of more than $50 billion in approximately 400 brands. It sources from 100000 non-production suppliers and 10000 suppliers of raw materials. The company approximately purchases 3% of the world’s palm oil and 6% of the world’s black tea (Krause, Vachon, Klassen, 2009). Securing sustainable supply chains is critical for sustaining growth and the success of the bu siness in the future. The company has developed tangible benefits in business through sustainable supply chains. The company invests resources and time in building strong relationships with suppliers, customers, and stakeholders. The company achieves this by providing good wage incomes, managing environmental issues, such as climate change and waste, and ensuring good working conditions in the supply chains. Unilever’s ability to maintain sustainability in chain of supply helps in creating cost efficiency in the company operations, improve company’s reputational image, and assist in securing and stabilizing business long-term operations.. Unilever has created competitive advantage successfully through building sustainable supply chains (Pagell, Wu Wasserma, 2010). References Krause, D., Vachon, S., Klassen, R. (2009). Special topic forum on sustainable supply chain management: introduction and reflections on the role of purchasing management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 45(4), 18-25. Lamp, C. (2011). Essentials of marketing. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Pagell, M. Wu, Z. (2009). Building a more complete theory of sustainable supply chain management using case studies of 10 exemplars. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 45(2), 37-56. Pagell, M., Wu, Z., Wasserma, M. (2010). Thinking differently about purchasing portfolios: an assessment of sustainable sourcing. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 46(1), 57-73. Paulraj, A. (2011). Understanding the relationships between internal resources and capabilities, sustainable supply management and organizational sustainability. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 47(1), 19-37. Pullman, M., Maloni, M., Carter, C. (2009). Food for thought: social versus environmental sustainability practices and performance outcomes. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 45(4), 38-54. Reuter, C., Foerstl, K., Hartmann, E., Blome, C. (2010). Sustainable global supplier management: the role of dynamic capabiliti es in achieving competitive advantage. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 46(2), 45-63. This report on Sustainable Supply Chains was written and submitted by user Camila Harvey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Study Guideline Essays

Study Guideline Essays Study Guideline Essay Study Guideline Essay How to write your study plan You are more than just a grade report sheet, and the study plan section of your application is your chance to tell us about yourself. Personal statements are not easy to write, and require substantial planning. Entry to Tsukuba is highly competitive, so spending time on writing the best personal statement possible is important. Plan We’re interested in why you chose this course, at Tsukuba, and Japan. Ask yourself; Why did I choose to study this major? Why are you interested in this subject? Is there a specific topic within this field which interests you? Have you studied this before? What do you expect from the program and from the university? Are you aiming to become qualified for a specific job? Why did I choose Tsukuba, rather than another G30 university? Have you investigated the other G30 universities? What was it that attracted you to Tsukuba specifically? Why do I want to study in Japan? Do you have some special attachment to Japan or Japanese culture? What are my long-term goals, and how does studying in Tsukuba help me reach those goals? Do you want to go on to a Masters degree or PhD? Do you want to work in Japan after graduation? What makes me a stand-out candidate? Do you have some special skills or passions which make you a more interesting person? What personal qualities do you possess which make you a good choice for this program? Write Drafts You should have a lot of information on paper by now. That information has to be organised and a draft (or two or three) of your study plan will have to be written. Use separate paragraphs for separate sections, and try to impose a logical structure on your writing. Think carefully about how you want to structure your personal statement. Try to be concise when writing your study plan. The use of concrete examples can help you express yourself clearly. We appreciate that English is some applicants’ second language. However, please try your best not to make spelling errors and use correct grammar and punctuation. Keep your sentences short and simple. Get Feedback Finally, when you’ve written your draft, we suggest giving it a few days and re-reading it. Ask for teachers, parents or friends to read it over and give honest feedback. Give yourself plenty of time to work through numerous versions of your draft, until you are completely happy.

Bullying in Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bullying in Schools - Essay Example In general bullying can be defined as powerful child or group attacking those who are less powerful intentionally to cause harm. Bullying can therefore take three forms: physical which generally involve beating, punching kicking, pushing, taking personal belongings etc.; verbal which involve taunting, teasing, nicknaming, making threats; and psychological such as spreading rumors, manipulating social relationships, or intimidation through gestures or social exclusion (Ericson, 2001). Bullying in schools has become such a serious issue that most of the schools are taking steps to prevent it through anti-bullying policies. If we take a look at the statistics it is estimated that 30 percent of American children are regularly involved in bullying, either as bullies, victims, or both (NRCSS, 2001). Besides, researchers have also pointed out that about 15 percent of students are "severely traumatized or distressed" by one or the other bullying incidence, and about eight percent of the students report being victimized at school at least once a week (Hoover and Oliver, 1996; Skiba and Fontanini, 2000). It is a proven fact that bullying is one of the most serious anti-social activities that can harm individuals and groups. ... On the other hand, children who bully are more likely to become violent and aggressive adults (Banks, 2000). It is important to note that even those students who are not directly involved in bullying are affected. Children and teens who often witness bullying at school suffer from insecurity feeling and have a less secure learning environment. They fear that they may become the target of bullying some day. If we take into account the statistics of the real impact of bullying in schools, researchers found that 160,000 students miss school every day due to fear of attack or intimidation by a bully (Fried and Fried, 1996). Roughly about 20 percent of students are afraid of bullying during much of the school day (Garrity, et al., 1997). Weinhold and Weinhold (1998) estimated that 10 percent of students who drop out of school are because of repeated bullying. Besides, 60 percent of students according to Banks (2000) characterized as bullies in grades 6-9 had at least one criminal conviction by the time they reach the age 24. Hence, these statistics point out that there is an urgent need to bring in policies in the schools to control bullying. Strategies to combat bullying Several researchers have said that the most effective means of addressing bullying is through comprehensive, school-wide programs involving students, parents, teachers and counselors (Atlas and Pepler, 1998). It is also important to have special programs designed to reduce the bullying activities in schools. For instance, the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, developed, refined, and systematically evaluated in Bergen, Norway, in the mid-1980s, is one of the best-known initiatives designed to reduce

Women in the workforce in the 1970's in comparison to today Research Paper

Women in the workforce in the 1970's in comparison to today - Research Paper Example These definitions and stereotypes have led to expected gender roles in society, most which have developed because of superficial relationships to gender. However, this issue is one which doesn’t realistically construct the identity of individuals. When looking at â€Å"Who’s in Charge Here’ with the Mary Tyler Moore show, it can be seen that gender identity is one which is based on the gender stereotypes and definitions created in society. The result is a construction of both gender and boundaries based on stereotypes, as opposed to realistic expectations. The issue of gender roles in society is one which was first seen with the 1970s show and continues to be a part of society today. Gender Roles from Moore The episode which shows the gender differences in the Mary Tyler Moore show is â€Å"Who’s in Charge Here.† The differences in gender are noted specifically with the news room that Mary is working in. The gender expectations are first divided by those who hold the power within the news room, including the new News Producer, Lou and the News Director, Murray. Within this episode, the gender roles are divided first by the divisions in which the males have more power and Mary remains in the same situation. However, it is quickly found that Mary is only holding to this role because of gender. The power positions which both men have cause Mary to not only complete her work, but also to do the work of Murray and Lou because they don’t understand the situation. By the end of the episode, it is recognized that the positions need to be reconsidered based on qualifications, as opposed to the gender expectations from the news room (Sandrich, 1972). Stereotypes of Gender The episode demonstrated by the Mary Tyler Moore Show is one which constructs identity based on gender and gives the divisions and roles based on this stereotype. This particular concept is one which hasn’t changed today and continues to be a component i n which men and women are divided. The gender differences come first from the idea of competition in which each individual divides according to the individuals who are considered the most powerful in society and create a competitive attitude toward what is occurring. These gender differences are further divided by the power which one holds in relation to the stereotypes and the competitive spirit which is supposed to be a part of the gender. This construction of stereotypes is one which is defined specifically by the patriarchal shaping of society. It has been found that the matriarchal society has the same concept of competition among women because of the environment which is created for survival. The stereotype of gender is one which becomes constructed specifically because of the social order which is in a given culture (Gneezy, Leonard, List, 1637). The stereotypes which have been created within culture are furthered by the expected places in which women and men should have. The concept of work, within the traditional role for women, is one which most were not considered as capable of doing. The main role of women in the patriarchal society was based on the stereotype of staying in the home and caring for the family while men worked in a given office. This created a position with both in society, specifically with the stereotypes and expected gender role that was in society. Family obligations is found to become secondary for men while women often have to adapt to the concept of work structures that require shifts in how one works. This particular stereotype is one which is acted among the majority of individuals in society and is referred to as gender – typing, which one debates about specific roles because of gender (Gustafson, 513). The episode with Moore shows this, specifically as Mary has difficulty deciding

Inclusivity in Education Aspects

Inclusivity in Education Aspects I will explain the political, economic, and social perspectives that surround inclusivity, reflect on my own professional practice and working environment, and identify the policies used, both nationally and locally. I will define my understanding of inclusivity, looking at the political ideology that surrounds inclusivity. Inclusivity is the understanding and providing for different capabilities, using diverse resources for students. Inclusivity is the understanding of students as individuals. It gives the opportunity for all students to become involved in classroom developments. All students should be given the chance to develop interests and experiences at their own pace and style of learning. No student should be discriminated against regarding colour, gender, sexual orientation, religion. For lecturers in todays society, it is extremely challenging to incorporate inclusivity with the students that have developed in the last 10 years of British culture. Students with learning difficulties such as ADHD, Aspergers, and Dyslexia were barely heard of until recent years. Each individual situation calls for totally unique handling of the student without excluding the remainder of the class. Research has identified that teachers may feel there could be barriers to inclusivity: Some of the thoughts are; Every student who attends college should be at a basic level of education before starting a course. The staff may not be prepared to meet the needs of the student The course and other students could be affected To balance some of these negative attitudes; All students have the potential to achieve Many students learn through interaction with others. Teachers make a difference (Idol, 1997) OFSTED published a report dispelling many of the negative thoughts that most of us had in the back of our mind. Ofsted say. An educationally inclusive school is one which the teaching and learning is one in which the teaching and learning, achievements attitudes and the well being of every young person matter. This shows not only in their performance, but also in the ethos and willingness to offer new opportunities to pupils who may have experienced pervious difficulties. This does not mean treating all pupils in the same way; rather, it involves taking account of pupils varied life experiences and needs (OFSTED) The start of Inclusion in Education dated back to the 1970 Education act which ended a practice to a minority of children being given the classification of unable to educate. It stopped classifying children with a learning disability unsuitable for school education. In the introduction of 1976 education act, the government looked at the local education authorities to amalgamate disabled students into so called ordinary schools in both England and Wales. This was never implemented! If it had been, disabled students were to be educated in ordinary schools unless it was impracticable due to excessive expenditure to the relevant educational body. 1978 saw the Warnock report on special education and at the time was the largest investigation into special education of disabled students being integrated into ordinary schools. He reported that the practice was good for some students but not for others. The report also stated that it was important for parents to have a view on their children and their educational process. In 1981 the education act, brought in disabled students to mainstream schools. This stated that other children would not be affected by the integration and resources available to them to assist. This act opened the doors to both disabled and young students from special schools sector to a mainstream school; the act was under much pressure from the professional bodies not to implement it, due to the overall effect on all the students. 1992 saw the audit commission and her majestys inspectorate look into a special needs provision for schools. One of the areas they found deficient was the way children with special needs were not being assessed very quickly and many statements were far too vague. In 1997, mainstream schools were becoming more inclusive with a new green paper on special education. 1998 brought in the human rights act stating no child shall be denied the right to education. The government pushed forward its plans to break down the barriers to help with learning and participation for 100% of students. The special education needs and disability act of 2001 came in and was used to repeal two previous provisos from 1996 regarding a disabled child going into mainstream school provided; it was compatible with the parents wishes and there was efficient education of other children. 2002 finally saw the Disability Discrimination act which gave access to education for both students and prospective students. The law also stated that you could not discriminate against a disabled person in admission arrangements. Local authorities also had to increase accessibility in terms of curriculum and the environment. Although this act was not solely for education it applied to everyone and was definitely a step in the right direction. All schools and colleges that have used these policies have seen an increase in levels of education rise from the early 1970s up to the present date. Before I could carry out my research relating to the organisation I am involved with, I needed to produce a PEST (Appendix 1) and SWOT (Appendix 2) analysis. Firstly looking into factors based around the industry looking into the political, economic, social and then technological issues which would affect us. Once this was complete I looked at the department in which I work, breaking the issues down into depth. Within the SWOT I looked at strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. Within all of the topics funding policies, initiatives, weigh heavily, whether as a threat or Strength. With these acts in place my organisation have put together documentation in response from the governing bodies to help develop a clear understanding in the way we should help commit to inclusivity in education. The mission statement of my organisation is: City College is an inclusive, accessible college of further and higher education which provides high quality services to the range of diverse communities within the locality and the region which it serves. To this end, the college is committed to equality of regard and of opportunity for all, irrespective of age, disability, ethnic origin, gender, marital status, medical condition, religious belief, or sexual orientation. In its policies and practices the college will seek to enhance the self esteem of all those it serves and to provide a learning environment in which each individual is encouraged to fulfil her or his potential. The commitment to equality of regard and opportunity is a fundamental policy that pervades all college activities and is endorsed by the Governing Body. All members of the college community are expected to uphold the policy and to ensure that their actions embody the commitment. Some of the organisations policies for inclusion are: The commitment to equality of regard and opportunity is supported by the following: Code of Practice on Learning Difficulty and Disability (students) Code of Practice on Gender Discrimination (students) City college Race Equality Policy (staff/students) City college equality and diversity plan These codes are an integral part of the Equal Opportunities Policy. They ensure compliance with, respectively, the Special Education Needs and Disability Act 2001, the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, and the Race Relations Act 1976. They also embody elements of good practice advocated in the Tomlinson Report 1996, Equality, and Diversity Guidance from the LSC and the codes of practice produced by the Commission for Racial Equality. Ofsted use a set of questions when examining Inclusion in schools and colleges. These are the questions on how a college should deal with the situation. Do all pupils get a fair deal at school? This relates to: what they get out of school, particularly their achievements; the opportunity to learn effectively, without interference and disruption; the respect and individual help they have from their teachers; their access to all aspects of the curriculum; the attention the school gives to their well-being and Whether they and their parents are happy with the school. How well does the school recognise and overcome barriers to learning? This is about: the schools understanding of how well different groups do in school; the steps taken to make sure that particular groups are not disadvantaged in school and to promote their participation and success; its strategies for promoting good relationships and managing behaviour; what the school does specifically to prevent and address racism, sexism and other forms of discrimination, and what it does about cases of discrimination that do occur. Do the schools values embrace inclusion and does its practice promote it? The clues are: how the values of the school are reflected in its curriculum, resources, communications, procedures and conduct; how people talk about and treat one another in the school; the leadership provided by senior staff and the consistency of staff behaviour; What the school intends and tries to do for people like me. Positive inclusion To enforce this statement, the college supports positive inclusion by enrolling any students, with the required qualifications, no matter what their learning capabilities are, however this will depend on whether it is practicable for the student and as long as it does not in any way effect the learning of the others in the class. In past years, discrimination may have taken place with students that showed signs of slower learning ability, therefore this is a positive development for inclusion in todays society. Entry to Employment, (E2E) groups are students with low entry requirements; however the potential is there, by assisting them with additional tuition, to raise their level of education, specifically in maths and English, to gain the relevant qualifications required for the future. To achieve this, the college offer a 22 week E2E course, alongside learning for a level 1 diploma in bricklaying, level 1 key skills in application of number and communication. Not all colleges offer E2E alongside this qualification. Negative Inclusion From the lecturers point of view this is a negative form of inclusion because the E2E qualification, is taught alongside the level 1 diploma and key skills, which is a method that other colleges do not employ due to overloading a group that originally in struggled at school when they were on the same footing as the rest of their class. At school the class would all have been working on the same subjects possibly at the same time. Here the group have come in and been told that they need to attend an extra afternoon to complete Entry to employment paperwork and adult literacy and numeracy classes. This would then be followed up with three days of Diploma work in theory and practical. Two other groups who have the entry qualifications only need to complete the diploma theory and practical content and complete key skills in the time scheduled. There are tools which can be used to help define a disability and help governing bodies and government find strategies in which to find the needs of disabled people. These are categorised as models of disability. The two which are commonly used for education are known as the Social Model and the Medical Model. When these models are correctly used, they will give a basic understanding of disability issues, such as services used and possibly ways of access to work. These models can see disabled people as dependant people in the community this may segregate them from others and force discrimination. This can lead to equality of human rights and the opposite of segregation which is integration. This does not mean one is better than the other but merely that each model can be used in different situations Firstly what passes for a disability? People who have impairment and may experience some form of exclusion as a result are disabled people. People may wear glasses or contact lenses. These may not be discriminated against where as people who are deaf and wear hearing aids sometimes are, and are discriminated against with barriers in communication. People who are included with a disability such as: Physical impairments Deaf people, Blind people People with AIDS and HIV (chronic Illness) Learning difficulties Mental health issues / behavioural problems People who also have hidden impairments such as; Mental stress Dyslexia Epilepsy Language impairments Disfigured people Diabetes http://attitudes2disability.wordpress.com/category/medical-model-vs-social-model/ Medical Model The medical model is used by the health organisation and was devised by doctors. The medical model focuses on the source of the problem on the patient (student) and presumes that the problems will be found with the student. With a more superior method you can go a step further and look into the students personal background and how it could affect their everyday lives. It is basically there to find a cure; it can occasionally fail as it says disabled people are not necessarily sick or cannot be improved by remedial treatment (connectings for community leadership, 2007) Social Model The social model was design for disabled people after the medical model. This particular model has had an impact on the anti discrimination legislation it also recognises that some people have different abilities ranging from sensory, physical ,or psychological variations . This was later extended to include all disabled people including those with learning difficulties and mental health problems. This model can focus on any changes needed in society. Physical structures such as elevators, or ramps would also focus under this model. Medical Model (Thinking) Socal Model (Thinking) The child is damaged Child is valued labelling Strenghts and needs defined by selfand others Diagnosis Identify barriers and developsolutions Impairment becomes focus of attention Outcome -based programme designed Assessment, monitoring,programmes of theropy imposed Resources are madee available to ordinary services Segregation and alternative services Training for parents and professionals Ordinary needs put on hold Relationship nurtured Re-entry if normal enough or permanent exclusion Diversity welcomed , child is included Society remains unchanged Society evolves My second area for topic was looking at Inclusivity of women in construction Inclusivity Fact file: Almost 200,000 women work in construction. Women have been working in construction since the Middle Ages Women account for around 1% of trades people and 11.6% of those working in design and management occupations (Jon Land, 2009) A report From the CIOB (chartered institute of building) back in 2001 indicated Women in the UK construction industry currently accounted for fewer than ten per cent of the UK construction workforce, this reflected their under-representation in an industry that fails to attract and retain women. The research was important because it raises the debate about the advancement in the subject of inclusivity, assessing the barriers faced by women and discussed means of redressing the balance to improve the inclusivity of the industry. Expanding inclusivity, which includes, attracting and hopefully keeping women in construction, is a key priority for the UK. The construction industry in countries facing skill and labour shortages could perhaps combat some of their problems by increasing the number of women in the workforce. This would be a resourceful and positive use for inclusion. In summary, the important issues were: Attracting more women to the industry by not only focusing on young entrants but also returnees to work following a career break, and those who seek a career change. Retention of women in the workforce Understanding the extent of women employed in the whole industry, what are they looking for from the industry? For a number of years women have been moving into professional work such as law, accountancy, and medicine, all of which require high-level qualifications and are considered attractive because of the perceived high level of class status. Today, numbers of women and men are almost equal in these sectors. However, occupational areas such as engineering and the construction trades have not seen a comparable change in the make-up of the workforce. Womens labour market participation has increased over recent years and their employment rates have risen, whereas mens participation in the labour market has declined slightly. Girls now perform better than boys in education and in getting qualifications (Hibbett, and Meager 2003)). With Women making up 50 per cent of the population, more than 46 per cent are currently in the labour market. More than half of the entrants in higher education in colleges are women. Yet in the construction Industry, the percentage of women involved is as little as 11%. This figure includes, Architects, Quantity Surveyors, Site Organisers and Bricklayers. Construction needs variety in it for growth and development. Demand for construction had experienced growth over the past eight years, due to the expanding world population and the necessity for accommodation and a buoyant economy. However, the recent effects of the credit crunch have seriously put the industry, and many others, into a decline. The industry could not afford a skills shortage at such a time because when the economy rallies and improves, the need for skilled workforce will be of paramount importance. Construction and engineering learners are 90 per cent men, whilst hairdressing and beauty therapy are dominated by women who make up 91 per cent of learners. The exceptions are in higher education, which are dominated by male students in areas such as, computer science (80 per cent), engineering and technology (85 per cent). Female-dominated subjects include education, and beauty, although most of this research was based between 2001 -2004, surveys have been carried out as recently as 2009 by the CIOB and their conclusion was that :-(Sonia Gurjao, 2001) A number of factors have contributed to the industrys skill shortages. One of the most significant reasons is the lack of new recruits joining the industry. At the end of 2007, ConstructionSkills predicted that the industry would require 88,000 new recruits a year between 2009 and 2013; this figure has now been more than halved to 42,000 per year. There are a number of reasons for people not wanting to join the industry; many relate to the general perception of it being predominately a career for white males, with long hours and little pay. (CIOB, 2009) It is this perception that dissuades women and ethnic minorities from joining the industry. Research has shown that many women believe the industry is a competitive and threatening environment that rejects women and hinders their progression. This I feel is not the case, Bricklayers can take home as much as  £28,000 when fully qualified. A working day is usually between 8.00am and 5.30pm with most companies now finishing work on Fri day afternoons around 3.30pm. The hours are not dissimilar to a retail occupation .As for a career for white males, this will depend on the area of the country; in the midlands there is a larger ethnic representation. The trade has definitely built up a reputation as a dominantley male industry due to one of the main contributing factors being the percieved impression that men are lecherous to women . This is not necessarily the case, many women would not wish to enter the construction industry at trade level because of the level of bad language or the inuendos they assume most men would use. Assumptions (Appendix 3) can be very negative. Other industries however, such as factories, can be as biased and have contant use of bad language . With equality being a very relavant point, I have worked in a florists from time to time and found women to be more open with what they say about the opposite sex and graphic .I found this more off putting than working on any site. Although the industry has done more in recent years to attract women and ethnic minorities, this is still a great challenge; despite more females taking construction courses, retention rates are still comparatively low once women start working. (CIOB, 2009) In our organisation, over the last two years, we have taken on six females in Carpentry and Brickwork with a total of 120 students overall .This works out to a total of 5% of female students in our department. Of the 5%, one has just enrolled, one has completed the course, two are carrying on to the second year and the other two dropped out in the first year. The industry needs to become more inclusive if it hopes to reduce skill shortages, and accept the wealth of knowledge and experience that women and ethnic minorities can offer. (CIOB, 2009) In researching for ways to develop an understanding for why women are not in construction, I realised that women are mainly isolated in the construction workplace. Unlike men, who are usually in substantially larger groups or gangs, such as Carpentry or Bricklaying. Looking further afield, many women travel to the Middle East to take up jobs in Architecture and Project Management, which is a more sociable side to the industry . Although our government express an interest in bringing women into the construction industry little incentive seems to be brought in to help achieve it. Other countries however, are trying to change this, for example, in South Africa in 2006 six construction companies owned by women were given public works contracts as part of a government initative at giving women a start in the construction industry each contract was worth more than a million rand ( £75,300).. (times, 2006) Conclusion Hibbett, A. (W.E.U., DTI), Meager, .N, (IES) (2003) Key indicators of womens position in Britain: Findings from a recent comprehensive study of women in Britain commissioned by the Women and Equality Unit. National Statistics: Labour Market Trends 111(No. 10): 9